BLONDEL, Jacques-François

French architect best known for his teaching and writing, which contributed greatly to architectural theory and the taste of his time. His art school in Paris was the first such institution to teach architecture.

Blondel was born into a famous architectural family. They came from Rouen, but Jean-François Blondel (1683-1756) was also active in Switzerland and Paris and produced engravings for a number of important architectural treatises that were published in Paris in the first half of the 18th century. His nephew Jacques-François Blondel (1705-1774) is better known as an architectural theorist and teacher than as a practicing architect, and he was a highly influential advocate of a rationalist approach to architectural design in the mid-18th century. Jacques-François had two sons who also followed the family traditions: Georges-François Blondel (c. 1730-c. 1790), who was an engraver, and Jean-Baptiste Blondel (1764-1825), who was an architect and worked for the city of Paris.

Jacques-François Blondel was reared by an uncle. Though Blondel initially went along with the RococoGLOSSARYA style of design, painting, and architecture dominating the 18th century, often considered the last stage of the Baroque. Developing in the Paris townhouses of the French aristocracy at the turn of the 18th century, Rococo was elegant and ornately decorative, its mood lighthearted and witty. Louis XV furniture, richly decorated with organic forms, is a typical product. Leading exponents of the Rococo sryle included the French painters Antoine Watteau (1684-1721) and Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732-1806), and the German architect Johann Balthasar Neumann (1687-1753). Rococo gave way to Neo-classicism. ornamentation of the preceding age, he eventually turned against it. In 1737 he executed some plates for Pierre-Jean Mariette's edition of Augustin Daviler's 17th-century treatise on architecture, taking the opportunity to refine some designs of the Rococo woodcarver Nicolas Pineau, who had earlier collaborated with his uncle. In the same year, Blondel's De la distribution des maisons de plaisance et de la décoration des édifices en général (2 vol., 1737-38; "On the Designing of Country Seats and on the Decoration of Buildings in General") began to appear. The work, while not original, expressed an ideal of the taste that continued through the Enlightenment. Blondel's own buildings of the 1730s included an orangery near Florence, the terraces of a château near Brittany, and his town house, Petit dâ Marivat, at Besançon.

As a teacher, first in his own school (1743-54) and later at the Académie Royale d'Architecture, Blondel influenced such students as the Scottish architect William Chambers, best known for his Somerset House for the Royal Academy of Arts in London (1776; later replaced); the French architect Richard Mique, who did much work for Marie-Antoinette at Versailles; the Dutch architect Pieter de Swart (1702-1772), who designed the only remaining Rotterdam gate, the Gate of Delft; and the German architect Christian Weinlig, a member of the Dresden Neoclassical school. In this period Blondel designed a comprehensive plan for the decoration of the centre of Metz (1764), including the Hôtel de Ville (1765).

At the invitation of Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Blondel wrote the architecture section for the Encyclopédie (1751-72), the work that set forth the rationalist philosophy of the Enlightenment. As his own significant contribution to 18th-century learning, Blondel compiled his lectures and plans in the monumental Cours d'architecture (1771-77; "Architecture Course"); the 12-volume work was completed (and its 6 volumes of plates combined into 3 volumes) by the French architect, writer, and engraver Pierre Patte.